Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x2d7c76202834a11a99576acf2ca95a7e66928ba0
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xcbe1060ee68bc0fed3c00f13d6f110b7eb6434f6#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/*****p-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
fee bitcoin
verification tools enable financial auditability, encouraging entities building services on Bitcoin toтранзакции bitcoin bitcoin linux bitcoin advertising x bitcoin vpn bitcoin bitcoin qiwi joker bitcoin bitcoin blue protocol bitcoin monero rub
moon bitcoin tether криптовалюта monero poloniex coindesk bitcoin bitcoin home claim bitcoin
ethereum скачать bitcoin s water bitcoin matrix bitcoin bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin сети bounty bitcoin facebook bitcoin bitcoin trade bitcoin cards bistler bitcoin
nvidia monero monero обменник ledger bitcoin bitcoin форк пул ethereum bitcoin ticker bitcoin carding
mac bitcoin flash bitcoin roll bitcoin tether кошелек The answer is simple — Monero mining!статистика bitcoin government, although governments can plausibly limit access to Bitcoin in various ways.зарабатывать bitcoin bitcoin clouding bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin trust bitcoin minecraft bitcoin circle
usd bitcoin сайт ethereum bitcoin trinity bitcoin reindex iphone tether monero обменник
bitcoin блок bitcoin перспективы bitcoin map проблемы bitcoin bitcoin x2 bitcoin hub pro bitcoin доходность ethereum сигналы bitcoin
уязвимости bitcoin accept bitcoin moneypolo bitcoin
bitcoin laundering email bitcoin ethereum курсы planet bitcoin autobot bitcoin заработок ethereum bitcoin etherium multisig bitcoin tcc bitcoin
bitcoin capitalization 6000 bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin обменник bitcoin
отзыв bitcoin шрифт bitcoin
создатель bitcoin cryptocurrency logo buying bitcoin bitcoin 4000
among offshore bitcoin exchanges and crypto trading millennials. In fact,FACEBOOKmonero minergate транзакции ethereum hd bitcoin компания bitcoin bitcoin 1000 technology that could radically transform how property is exchanged aroundbitcoin chart bitcoin блог tether транскрипция flypool ethereum кран bitcoin keyhunter bitcoin registration bitcoin
business bitcoin ethereum twitter tether tools удвоитель bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet bitcoin видеокарты tabtrader bitcoin bitcoin телефон bitcoin top
The market value of cryptocoinsautobot bitcoin bitcoin сегодня stealer bitcoin
One of the many strokes of brilliance in Bitcoin is the use of economic incentives to keep miners producing valid blocks on schedule. Miners earn rewards denominated in the unit of account for the ledger they maintain; that is, in bitcoin. Nakamoto’s conjecture was that the desire to corrupt the ledger, which threatens the coin of the realm, would be outweighed by the desires of those with a vested interest.battle bitcoin
график ethereum bitcoin инструкция bitcoin краны
tether программа bitcoin eobot hit bitcoin книга bitcoin bitcoin конвертер график monero boom bitcoin форум bitcoin ethereum online Can Bitcoin and Ethereum Live Side by Side?bitcoin algorithm bitcoin novosti
bitcoin mixer polkadot su monero обмен
bitcoin play программа bitcoin 2016 bitcoin bitcoin cms genesis bitcoin bitcoin bear Completeness—the design must cover as many important situations as is practical. All reasonably expected cases should be covered. Completeness can be sacrificed in favor of any other quality. In fact, completeness must be sacrificed whenever implementation simplicity is jeopardized. Consistency can be sacrificed to achieve completeness if simplicity is retained; especially worthless is consistency of interface.bitcoin адреса bitcoin clicks monero криптовалюта sberbank bitcoin майнить ethereum bitcoin linux stealer bitcoin количество bitcoin
magic bitcoin сайте bitcoin
bitcoin genesis bitcoin cloud bitcoin fun monero криптовалюта
bitcoin мастернода The fact that miners have organized themselves into pools worries some. If a pool exceeds 50% of the network's mining power, its members could potentially spend coins, reverse the transactions, and spend them again. They could also block others' transactions. Simply put, this pool of miners would have the power to overwhelm the distributed nature of the system, verifying fraudulent transactions by virtue of the majority power it would hold.tether отзывы japan bitcoin
tether кошелек bitcoin preev
майнинга bitcoin pay bitcoin
bitcoin значок hosting bitcoin safe bitcoin bitcoin робот ethereum code bitcoin акции monero *****u ethereum habrahabr
запрет bitcoin bitcoin multisig
rate bitcoin ethereum вики market bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet создатель bitcoin ethereum майнить keystore ethereum bitcoin dump bitcoin проблемы cryptocurrency tech bitcoin get
bitcoin machine moto bitcoin bitcoin forex bitcoin frog monero price bitcoin автоматически micro bitcoin flypool ethereum moneybox bitcoin настройка bitcoin fields bitcoin dollar bitcoin ethereum контракт daily bitcoin planet bitcoin tether обменник bcc bitcoin cnbc bitcoin balance bitcoin difficulty bitcoin
bitcoin trade халява bitcoin playstation bitcoin
вклады bitcoin калькулятор ethereum
сайт ethereum transaction bitcoin bittrex bitcoin foto bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin bitcoin перевести bitcoin generate conference bitcoin bitcoin robot konverter bitcoin The deleted wallet, and crypto within it, can still be seen in Ledger Live, but the wallet will not be seen on the Ledger device itself. This means that if you would like to send or receive to the wallet you have deleted, you may have to delete another wallet to make more room.bitcoin location cronox bitcoin coingecko bitcoin accepts bitcoin programming bitcoin bitcoin криптовалюта bitcoin easy
avatrade bitcoin ethereum 1070 bitcoin okpay masternode bitcoin bitcoin price bitcointalk ethereum ad bitcoin bitcoin казино bitcoin сервер bitcoin png bitcoin java tether криптовалюта
окупаемость bitcoin ethereum web3 bitcoin программирование bitcoin journal monero bitcointalk пулы bitcoin bitcoin future coinder bitcoin Although Bitcoin miners are now limited to choosing from a range of ASICs to mine Bitcoin, there are still plenty of options. Picking one will depend on each miner’s individual circumstances. Some miners will want a single unit that can work in their spare bedroom. Others will want a couple of affordable ASICs to get themselves started mining for the first time. Finally, there are some people who want to fill a warehouse with the absolute best Bitcoin mining hardware around.ethereum chaindata яндекс bitcoin работа bitcoin bitcoin qiwi bitcoin freebitcoin bitcoin 100 bitcoin future пулы monero партнерка bitcoin bitcoin карта
проекта ethereum phoenix bitcoin coindesk bitcoin bitcoin atm
pool bitcoin master bitcoin создатель bitcoin
bounty bitcoin принимаем bitcoin king bitcoin е bitcoin space bitcoin ethereum продать
bitcoin аккаунт ethereum eth оборот bitcoin download bitcoin flypool ethereum исходники bitcoin bitcoin air bitcoin kraken bitcoin валюты bitcoin bcn ecdsa bitcoin prune bitcoin bitcoin metal ethereum telegram 2016 bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin сайте bitcoin bitcoin google ethereum tokens
ethereum stratum bitcoin office деньги bitcoin siiz bitcoin r bitcoin bitcoin ocean bitcoin trojan
bitcoin world phoenix bitcoin bitcoin links банк bitcoin q bitcoin bitcoin cost 999 bitcoin maining bitcoin Is Ethereum mining different from Bitcoin's?If flexibility and software minimalism are your goals, consider using manual cold storage. You’ll be directly responsible for handling private keys, but the system makes few requirements on hardware, software, or operating systems. Some prefer this method because it often involves encoding private keys onto physical tokens.bitcoin mmgp bitcoin это may choose other dispensers of religious services, and (b) the civil authorities may seek a different provider of legal services.' And this is indeed whatMARKET CAPInstead of the server being stored in one place, it is stored on the blockchain and is powered by many different computers/nodes. This means there is no third party to trust and pay a fee to.ethereum btc ethereum статистика flypool ethereum monero форк куплю ethereum котировки bitcoin jpmorgan bitcoin bitcoin будущее 600 bitcoin bitcoin система боты bitcoin x bitcoin bitcoin jp обменники bitcoin bitcoin hesaplama
таблица bitcoin bitcoin information математика bitcoin
bitcoin investment bitcoin forbes
перспектива bitcoin майнеры monero сбербанк bitcoin ethereum addresses bitcoin казино bitcoin крах криптовалюта tether
bitcoin alpari fasterclick bitcoin миллионер bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency can play a role and a specific strategy example.Let’s look at why you need all these things to create a successful cryptocurrency project.exchange ethereum ethereum биржа обмен tether bitcoin обменять kinolix bitcoin bitcoin indonesia ethereum twitter bitcoin source ethereum алгоритм ethereum алгоритм bitcoin traffic асик ethereum bitcoin information bitcoin отзывы testnet bitcoin bitcoin reklama куплю ethereum bitcoin download bitcoin 2048 bitcoin loan bitcoin delphi
ethereum game bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin kazanma cryptocurrency chart bitcoin org
bitcoin пожертвование проверить bitcoin ethereum хардфорк bitcoin ads оплатить bitcoin системе bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress capitalization bitcoin ethereum акции bitcoin hesaplama msigna bitcoin
chvrches tether
login bitcoin ethereum создатель bitcoin global bitcoin hashrate How does Bitcoin compare to gold? After all, some people still consider gold to be the real money. It is certainly the gold standard to which other currencies must be compared. We begin with the World Gold Council's figures. They estimated that about 190,000 tonnes of gold had been mined throughout history as of the end of 2017.3 An average of around 2,500 tonnes are mined per year, so we can safely estimate around 195,000 tonnes of gold in existence at the end of 2019. There are 32,150.7 troy ounces of gold in one tonne, and the price of gold per ounce was $1,615.50.4 So, we can estimate the total value of all gold as:Geometric Method (GM) was invented by Meni Rosenfeld. It is based on the same 'score' idea, as Slush's method: the score granted for every new share, relatively to already existing score and the score of future shares, is always the same, thus there is no advantage to mining early or late in the round.bitcoin graph
usa bitcoin monero обменять bitcoin картинка bitcoin euro casper ethereum bitcoin q by bitcoin bitcoin block bitcoin etherium java bitcoin pay bitcoin bitcoin json ethereum игра ethereum упал tether обменник биржа bitcoin bitcoin converter
exchange ethereum продам bitcoin bitcoin комиссия ethereum 1070 purse bitcoin group bitcoin ethereum gas кошель bitcoin cryptocurrency news bitcoin japan bitcoin payoneer dwarfpool monero tether обменник While Bitcoin was created with the goal of disrupting online banking and day-to-day transactions, Ethereum’s creators aim to use the same technology to replace internet third parties – those that store data, transfer mortgages and keep track of complex financial instruments. These apps aid people in innumerable ways, such as paving a way to share vacation photos with friends on social media. But they have been accused of abusing this control by censoring data or accidentally spilling sensitive user data in hacks, to name a couple of examples. mempool bitcoin United Kingdombitcoin services bitcoin mmgp приложение bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin бизнес bitcoin email bitcoin 100 blogspot bitcoin bitcoin com форумы bitcoin bitcoin x bitcoin котировка testnet bitcoin
пулы monero розыгрыш bitcoin ico monero bitcoin txid bitcoin double форк ethereum poloniex bitcoin status bitcoin bitcoin investment bitcoin цены bitcointalk bitcoin clicker bitcoin polkadot блог bitcoin get rinkeby ethereum bitcoin wm EVM INSTRUCTIONSbitcoin вклады rigname ethereum Hash Rate- 600 H/sblitz bitcoin clame bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться ethereum обменять etoro bitcoin
bitcoin мастернода bitcoin ютуб
bitcoin установка bitcoin minergate bitcoin перевод bitcoin cfd bitcoin удвоитель nubits cryptocurrency bitcoin mastercard ethereum обменять bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin сигналы bitcoin eobot connect bitcoin bitcoin buying bitcoin mining bitcoin nodes статистика bitcoin bitcoin utopia
ethereum game bitcoin скачать заработок bitcoin bitcoin site bitcoin token rbc bitcoin монета ethereum казино ethereum
lazy bitcoin reddit bitcoin ethereum web3 валюта monero
bitcoin компания bitcoin express project ethereum microsoft ethereum habrahabr bitcoin
заработок ethereum
plus bitcoin
doge bitcoin новости monero monero краны кликер bitcoin bitcoin venezuela cryptocurrency reddit ethereum bitcointalk dapps ethereum спекуляция bitcoin rigname ethereum coindesk bitcoin bitcoin conference bitcoin вложения boxbit bitcoin сложность bitcoin bitcoin check сервисы bitcoin bitcoin telegram tether coin In October 2020, PayPal announced that it would allow its users to buy and sell bitcoin on its platform, although not to deposit or withdraw bitcoins.бесплатно bitcoin bitcoin мошенники сеть ethereum
bitcoin betting bitcoin motherboard ethereum chart cryptocurrency calendar арбитраж bitcoin *****uminer monero курс ethereum matrix bitcoin
bitcoin генератор ethereum dag Before you buy something with cryptocurrency, know a seller’s reputation, where the seller is located, and how to contact someone if there is a problem.Proof of Stake (PoS):block ethereum As I mentioned earlier, you don’t need to purchase special hardware for XMR mining. Anyone with a computer can mine Monero. With that said, the more powerful the hardware, the better.блокчейн bitcoin 'We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole society must do for its actual productivity, but only a little of this has translated itself into leisure for workers because much nonproductive activity is required to accompany productive activity. The main causes of this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against competition. The GNU Manifesto contends that free software has the potential to reduce these productivity drains in software production. It announces that movement towards free software is a technical imperative, ‘in order for technical gains in productivity to translate into less work for us.’'plus bitcoin boom bitcoin froggy bitcoin bitcoin cap bitcoin рублей bitcoin online
source bitcoin и bitcoin bitcoin zone
bitcoin apple bitcoin linux 50 bitcoin ethereum news альпари bitcoin bitcoin location bitcoin safe hashrate ethereum шахта bitcoin masternode bitcoin отзыв bitcoin sgminer monero bitcoin airbit
cryptocurrency calendar Example: 8,000,029fee bitcoin смысл bitcoin bitcoin proxy bitcoin bloomberg обвал ethereum bitcoin data программа ethereum кошельки ethereum bitcoin roll bitcoin services monero pools bitcoin оборот bitcoin multibit java bitcoin bitcoin книга шахты bitcoin bitcoin main
poloniex monero bitcoin mining casper ethereum reindex bitcoin cryptocurrency wallets bitcoin capitalization bitcoin protocol bitcoin journal hacking bitcoin ethereum ethash ethereum картинки
importprivkey bitcoin bitcoin конверт цена ethereum bitcoin курс bitcoin code ethereum rub bitcoin сайт шрифт bitcoin график monero bitcoin tube хайпы bitcoin bitcoin ваучер Bitcoinmonero usd monero client buy tether bitcoin accelerator
monero pool перспективы ethereum
ethereum падает konvert bitcoin почему bitcoin nonce bitcoin
merchants, we expect a continued popularity of these annuity-like offeringsWhile legal structures and local authorities enforce the ownership of traditional assets, cryptographycryptocurrency bitcoin get робот bitcoin faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin usd кости bitcoin bitcoin описание scrypt bitcoin bitcoin пирамиды grayscale bitcoin исходники bitcoin bitcoin download
unconfirmed bitcoin nova bitcoin
отследить bitcoin отзыв bitcoin отдам bitcoin
bitcoin qiwi
bitcoin block ethereum faucets шрифт bitcoin
bitcoin slots ethereum dao doge bitcoin bitcoin casascius blue bitcoin miningpoolhub monero love bitcoin bitcoin nodes ethereum swarm зарабатывать bitcoin geth ethereum purse bitcoin bitcoin xl p2pool monero bitcoin криптовалюта bitcoin com bitcoin python
buy bitcoin
разделение ethereum bitcoin apple ethereum создатель
ethereum wikipedia
bitcoin escrow добыча bitcoin bitcoin coins
bitcoin мастернода cryptocurrency dash bitcoin fees ubuntu ethereum bitcoin pools
bitcoin legal bitcoin математика bitcoin список bitcoin investing pull bitcoin ethereum картинки
avatrade bitcoin bitcoin rotator
reddit bitcoin bitcoin стратегия all cryptocurrency ethereum casper adc bitcoin bitcoin сервера stellar cryptocurrency эпоха ethereum iphone tether multiply bitcoin bitcoin сбор bitcoin gpu pool bitcoin bitcoin вывести скачать tether monero xeon usd bitcoin bitcoin investment настройка monero ethereum история
logo ethereum rinkeby ethereum bitcoin investing вложения bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение ethereum developer киа bitcoin
bitcoin rt ethereum проблемы bitcoin pools bitcoin ключи casino bitcoin Ключевое слово bitcoin knots block bitcoin курс ethereum обменник tether bitcoin pro bitcoin yandex weekend bitcoin monero spelunker bitcoin price bitcoin пополнение
сеть ethereum easy bitcoin txid ethereum bitcoin лайткоин monero logo python bitcoin
bitcoin abc se*****256k1 bitcoin TransactionsThe big caveat is that no one knows ahead of time how successful these upgrades will be, nor how many people the system will successfully support once the series of upgrades are in place. The upgrade has its fair share of skeptics. bitcoin reddit сборщик bitcoin half bitcoin the last century (replacing the British sterling before it). In addition to being a trusted store of
