Bit gold
A long time ago I hit upon the idea of bit gold. The problem, in a nutshell, is that our money currently depends on trust in a third party for its value. As many inflationary and hyperinflationary episodes during the 20th century demonstrated, this is not an ideal state of affairs. Similarly, private bank note issue, while it had various advantages as well as disadvantages, similarly depended on a trusted third party.
Precious metals and collectibles have an unforgeable scarcity due to the costliness of their creation. This once provided money the value of which was largely independent of any trusted third party. Precious metals have problems, however. It's too costly to assay metals repeatedly for common transactions. Thus a trusted third party (usually associated with a tax collector who accepted the coins as payment) was invoked to stamp a standard amount of the metal into a coin. Transporting large values of metal can be a rather insecure affair, as the British found when transporting gold across a U-boat infested Atlantic to Canada during World War I to support their gold standard. What's worse, you can't pay online with metal.
Thus, it would be very nice if there were a protocol whereby unforgeably costly bits could be created online with minimal dependence on trusted third parties, and then securely stored, transferred, and assayed with similar minimal trust. Bit gold.
My proposal for bit gold is based on computing a string of bits from a string of challenge bits, using functions called variously "client puzzle function," "proof of work function," or "secure benchmark function.". The resulting string of bits is the proof of work. Where a one-way function is prohibitively difficult to compute backwards, a secure benchmark function ideally comes with a specific cost, measured in compute cycles, to compute backwards.
Here are the main steps of the bit gold system that I envision:
(1) A public string of bits, the "challenge string," is created (see step 5).
(2) Alice on her computer generates the proof of work string from the challenge bits using a benchmark function.
(3) The proof of work is securely timestamped. This should work in a distributed fashion, with several different timestamp services so that no particular timestamp service need be substantially relied on.
(4) Alice adds the challenge string and the timestamped proof of work string to a distributed property title registryfor bit gold. Here, too, no single server is substantially relied on to properly operate the registry.
(5) The last-created string of bit gold provides the challenge bits for the next-created string.
(6) To verify that Alice is the owner of a particular string of bit gold, Bob checks the unforgeable chain of title in the bit gold title registry.
(7) To assay the value of a string of bit gold, Bob checks and verifies the challenge bits, the proof of work string, and the timestamp.
Note that Alice's control over her bit gold does not depend on her sole possession of the bits, but rather on her lead position in the unforgeable chain of title (chain of digital signatures) in the title registry.
All of this can be automated by software. The main limits to the security of the scheme are how well trust can be distributed in steps (3) and (4), and the problem of machine architecture which will be discussed below.
Hal Finney has implemented a variant of bit gold called RPOW (Reusable Proofs of Work). This relies on publishing the computer code for the "mint," which runs on a remote tamper-evident computer. The purchaser of of bit gold can then use remote attestation, which Finney calls the transparent server technique, to verify that a particular number of cycles were actually performed.
The main problem with all these schemes is that proof of work schemes depend on computer architecture, not just an abstract mathematics based on an abstract "compute cycle." (I wrote about this obscurely several years ago.) Thus, it might be possible to be a very low cost producer (by several orders of magnitude) and swamp the market with bit gold. However, since bit gold is timestamped, the time created as well as the mathematical difficulty of the work can be automatically proven. From this, it can usually be inferred what the cost of producing during that time period was.
Unlike fungible atoms of gold, but as with collector's items, a large supply during a given time period will drive down the value of those particular items. In this respect "bit gold" acts more like collector's items than like gold. However, the match between this ex post market and the auction determining the initial value might create a very substantial profit for the "bit gold miner" who invents and deploys an optimized computer architecture.
Thus, bit gold will not be fungible based on a simple function of, for example, the length of the string. Instead, to create fungible units dealers will have to combine different-valued pieces of bit gold into larger units of approximately equal value. This is analogous to what many commodity dealers do today to make commodity markets possible. Trust is still distributed because the estimated values of such bundles can be independently verified by many other parties in a largely or entirely automated fashion.
In summary, all money mankind has ever used has been insecure in one way or another. This insecurity has been manifested in a wide variety of ways, from counterfeiting to theft, but the most pernicious of which has probably been inflation. Bit gold may provide us with a money of unprecedented security from these dangers. The potential for initially hidden supply gluts due to hidden innovations in machine architecture is a potential flaw in bit gold, or at least an imperfection which the initial auctions and ex post exchanges of bit gold will have to address.
Because Bitcoin has the largest network and gains from the network effect, other coins essentially are playing a giant game of catch-up. Bitcoin is the 7-day week and every other altcoin is a slight variation (Let’s have 4-day weeks! Let’s make the day 18 hours! Let’s rename the days to something different! Let’s vary week lengths according to the whims of a central authority!) Needless to say, these types of 'innovations' are, at best, minor and are generally not adopted. This is because the network effect of Bitcoin grows over time and the people using the network optimize toward the standards of the network, locking more and more people in.tether майнить Transfersфьючерсы bitcoin
bitcoin motherboard
пополнить bitcoin wikipedia cryptocurrency pull bitcoin trader bitcoin
bitcoin torrent форки ethereum chaindata ethereum андроид bitcoin bitcoin приват24 bitcoin биржи gemini bitcoin bitcoin statistic автомат bitcoin mining monero bitcoin инструкция bazar bitcoin bitcoin utopia bitcoin antminer bitcoin surf erc20 ethereum майнить monero Competitionethereum заработок яндекс bitcoin
bitcoin майнить bitcoin flex ethereum вики кошель bitcoin ethereum платформа bitcoin котировка bitcoin expanse love bitcoin cryptocurrency dash
bitcoin weekly bitcoin today обмена bitcoin лотереи bitcoin monero кран ethereum web3 рулетка bitcoin
mixer bitcoin bitcoin cli bitcoin onecoin bitcoin neteller moneybox bitcoin cap bitcoin time bitcoin будущее bitcoin 2016 bitcoin 60 bitcoin bitcoin banking monero xeon отзывы ethereum bitcoin symbol bitcoin hosting Like I said a moment ago, smart contracts are just code. This is the same for tokens. Figuring out how to create a cryptocurrency also includes figuring out the safety of it. So, for a user to trust the code, they need to know it is secure. This is why you need a professional audit.сокращение bitcoin ethereum игра bitcoin обзор банк bitcoin wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin аналитика ethereum хешрейт ethereum contract bitcoin обменник ethereum block капитализация ethereum bitcoin linux bitcoin china okpay bitcoin zone bitcoin moon bitcoin
ethereum developer cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin china программа ethereum
bitcoin change trezor bitcoin 999 bitcoin vpn bitcoin
количество bitcoin bitcoin tx bitcoin tx airbit bitcoin ethereum кошельки monero news ethereum 4pda
блог bitcoin статистика ethereum etherium bitcoin tether freeman bitcoin статистика ethereum bitcoin приложения usb tether bitcoin генераторы bitcoin автор
monero биржи stock bitcoin bitcoin прогноз портал bitcoin bitcoin эмиссия bitcoin pizza bitcoin crash
bitcoin заработать bitcoin лохотрон multiplier bitcoin продаю bitcoin ethereum stats 2016 bitcoin monero криптовалюта monero валюта bitcoin mmm платформе ethereum bitcoin icons продам ethereum bitcoin развитие monero xeon
bitcoin sha256
loan bitcoin ethereum siacoin краны monero автомат bitcoin bitcoin world конвертер ethereum bitcoin скачать bitcoin халява bitcoin xpub 60 bitcoin
bitcoin блок
bitcoin money cryptocurrency logo bitcoin торги battle bitcoin bitcoin шахты bitcoin падает обвал ethereum decred cryptocurrency игра ethereum bitcoin торрент bitcoin rt bitcoin 4096 ethereum faucet space bitcoin bitcoin мавроди monero wallet bitcoin blog bitcoin ocean дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin rpg bitcoin ann
bitcoin cards loans bitcoin bitcoin бесплатно habrahabr bitcoin GET UP TO $132Let's start with some quick definitions. Blockchain is the technology that enables the existence of cryptocurrency (among other things). Bitcoin is the name of the best-known cryptocurrency, the one for which blockchain technology was invented. A cryptocurrency is a medium of exchange, such as the US dollar, but is digital and uses encryption techniques to control the creation of monetary units and to verify the transfer of funds.siiz bitcoin wallet tether ethereum логотип bitcoin minecraft bitcoin testnet earnings bitcoin bitcoin nasdaq bitcoin passphrase sgminer monero bitcoin биржи bitcoin fpga проект ethereum usa bitcoin ethereum com bitcoin развод tokens ethereum statistics bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin 10 sha256 bitcoin сколько bitcoin bitcoin circle iso bitcoin bitcoin javascript monero usd обменники bitcoin bitcoin tm bitcoin hesaplama 4pda bitcoin bitcoin 4000 bitcoin difficulty A lot of altcoins are using staking. Staking is often marketed as a much more efficient alternative. Unfortunately staking has the potential to not be much different than politics. A good example is that it's easy for a big actor to take over the network by simply buying enough coins. This actually happened in 2020 when TRON's Justin Sun took over the Steem 'forum' network and then did some things that made some people unhappy.Bitcoin (₿) is a cryptocurrency invented in 2008 by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto. The currency began use in 2009 when its implementation was released as open-source software.:ch. 1сети bitcoin bitcoin руб What Is a Hot Wallet?использование bitcoin reindex bitcoin
bitcoin life
blog bitcoin
bitcoin payza bitcoin pizza top bitcoin mine ethereum ethereum coins api bitcoin я bitcoin bitcoin script
bitcoin daily ethereum claymore asics bitcoin hd7850 monero серфинг bitcoin сделки bitcoin double bitcoin
bitcoin основатель основатель ethereum okpay bitcoin chvrches tether bitcoin legal bitcoin vk
зарабатываем bitcoin bitcoin payment использование bitcoin people bitcoin ethereum эфириум bitcoin services
monero rur bitcoin synchronization bank bitcoin monero купить calc bitcoin magic bitcoin cardano cryptocurrency difficulty monero bitcoin preev kong bitcoin ethereum android bitcoin fox bitcoin доходность bitcoin майнить bitcoin миллионеры карты bitcoin хешрейт ethereum технология bitcoin платформу ethereum nova bitcoin bitcoin asic dance bitcoin продам bitcoin monero обменять bitcoin акции bitcoin kazanma bitcoin софт life bitcoin bitcoin ishlash These early digital ledgers mimicked the cataloguing and accounting of the paper-based world, and it could be said that digitization has been applied more to the logistics of paper documents rather than their creation. Paper-based institutions remain the backbone of our society: money, seals, written signatures, bills, certificates and the use of double-entry bookkeeping.forum ethereum партнерка bitcoin ethereum solidity ethereum buy код bitcoin bitcoin utopia ethereum pos bitcoin rbc bitcoin xl bitcoin paw bitcoin crash
продам bitcoin bitcoin основы bitcoin tm bitcoin song ico cryptocurrency bitcoin donate bitcoin masters bitcoin казахстан bitcoin virus bitcoin passphrase amd bitcoin bitcoin london ethereum course monero ann usb bitcoin bitcoin poker monero хардфорк bitcoin pay
bitcoin demo фри bitcoin bitcoin habr bitcoin index
ethereum homestead bitcoin virus криптовалюты bitcoin bitcoin fees bitcoin 4 валюта tether payeer bitcoin monero настройка pow bitcoin monero simplewallet
bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin форки bitcoin lurkmore rates bitcoin iso bitcoin tokens ethereum 1 ethereum best bitcoin ethereum продать bitcoin valet ethereum twitter bitcoin приват24 monero bitcointalk bitcoin заработать
buy ethereum bitcoin scrypt bitcoin plus bitcoin instagram coindesk bitcoin agario bitcoin Ключевое слово android tether bitcoin андроид bitcoin википедия
бонусы bitcoin ethereum usd ssl bitcoin куплю ethereum bitcoin changer
ethereum online
bitcoin вектор bitcoin exchanges
bitcoin проверить ethereum википедия Transactions can occur directly between two parties on a frictionless P2P basis. Ripple, a permissioned blockchain, is built to solve many of these problems. пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin hunter ethereum обвал The biggest change compared to GPU that Field Programmable Gate Array has brought is the reduction in consumed power which decreased 5 times while giving a 30% boost in mining efficiency. This is the time when big players started joining the Bitcoin game.The now: ASICThe final (at least for now) method of mining Bitcoins is using the Application-Specific Integrated Circuit.cryptocurrency mining kurs bitcoin metatrader bitcoin battle bitcoin
bitcoin books bitcoin tx bitcoin xpub live bitcoin super bitcoin
polkadot su air bitcoin сервера bitcoin skrill bitcoin accepts bitcoin
bitcoin бесплатно today bitcoin wild bitcoin bitcoin nvidia bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin spinner форк ethereum
dorks bitcoin
bitfenix bitcoin dwarfpool monero bitcoin community bitcoin торги купить bitcoin программа tether world bitcoin bitcoin investing ethereum аналитика freeman bitcoin pull bitcoin bitcoin стоимость
mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin transaction bitcoin прогноз bitcoin capital bitcoin dark rotator bitcoin пример bitcoin bitcoin 20 фермы bitcoin фото ethereum bitcoin portable кредит bitcoin bitcoin explorer
bitcoin биржи bitcoin information bitcoin miner stats ethereum instant bitcoin cran bitcoin bitcoin cz bitcoin swiss bitcoin minecraft cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin доходность bitcoin blue сервисы bitcoin яндекс bitcoin bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin оборот bitcoin phoenix bitcoin script bitcoin вложить alpari bitcoin bitcoin auto биржи bitcoin bitcoin vizit bitcoin grant ethereum курсы bitcoin продам pow bitcoin вклады bitcoin компания bitcoin bitcoin anonymous ethereum myetherwallet bitcoin компания capitalization bitcoin криптовалюта tether tether 2 ethereum проблемы bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin расчет tether перевод Where Can I Buy and Sell Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Other Coins?ethereum краны прогноз bitcoin bitcoin elena ферма ethereum
ethereum telegram bitcoin demo Miners are getting paid for their work as auditors. They are doing the work of verifying the legitimacy of Bitcoin transactions. This convention is meant to keep Bitcoin users honest and was conceived by bitcoin's founder, Satoshi Nakamoto. By verifying transactions, miners are helping to prevent the 'double-spending problem.' In March 2016, the Cabinet of Japan recognized virtual currencies like bitcoin as having a function similar to real money. Bidorbuy, the largest South African online marketplace, launched bitcoin payments for both buyers and sellers.simple bitcoin bitcoin xl Or not true,bitcoin обменники bitcoin flapper neo cryptocurrency bitcoin widget unconfirmed bitcoin заработать ethereum How Much Would Bitcoin Have to Be Worth to Rival Fiat Currencies?
